Alpha GPC 99% Powder

Alpha GPC 99% Powder Suppliers:

Guanjie is a supplier of Alpha GPC 99% Powder. We have different specification:50%powder; 85% Liquid;99%Powder. It is soluble in large polar solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and water, as well as acetone, hexane, and chloroform. Pure GPC is a colorless transparent viscous liquid or white powder that easily absorbs moisture from the air. It is a naturally occurring water-soluble metabolite in humans and animals, resulting from the complete hydrolysis of the two fatty acid chains on the PC molecule.

High quality and fatory direct price. As a L-α-glycerophosphocholine supplier, you can trust us.

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Classification：

The basic structure of glycerophospholipid is phosphatidic acid and a substituent group (X) connected to phosphoric acid;

Glycerophospholipids can be divided into many categories due to different substituent groups, among which the important ones are:

Choline (choline) + phosphatidic acid ——→ phosphatidylcholine (phosphatidylcholine) also known as lecithin (lecithin)

Ethanolamine + phosphatidic acid ——→phosphatidylethanolamine, also known as cephain

Serine (serine) + phosphatidic acid ——→ phosphatidylserine (phosphatidylserine)

Glycerol (glycerol) + phosphatidic acid ——→ phosphatidylglycerol (phosphatidylglycerol)

Inositol + Phosphatidic Acid ——→ Phosphatidylinositol

Synthesis of glycerophospholipids

The whole synthesis process can be divided into three stages, namely raw material source, activation and glycerophospholipid generation. The synthesis of glycerophospholipids is carried out on the cytoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulum, processed by the Golgi apparatus, and finally can be utilized by tissue biofilms or secreted into cells as lipoproteins. Various tissues of the body (except mature red blood cells) can carry out phospholipid synthesis.

Source of raw materials

The alpha gpc 99% powder for the synthesis of glycerophospholipids are phosphatidic acid and substituent groups. phosphatidic acid can be generated from glycerol and fatty acids generated from sugar and lipid conversion (see triglyceride anabolism for details), but most of the fatty acids at the C2 position of glycerol are essential fatty acids and require food supply. The choline and ethanolamine in the substituent group can be converted from serine in vivo or supplied by food.

Serine——→ethanolamine——→choline

Activation

Before the synthesis of phosphatidic acid and substituent groups, one of them must be activated by CTP and carried by CDP. Choline and ethanolamine can generate CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, and phosphatidic acid can generate CDP-diglyceride.

Glycerophospholipid production

1) Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine

These two phospholipids are generated from activated CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine and diglycerides. In addition, phosphatidylethanolamine can also be converted into phosphatidylcholine by providing a methyl group with adenosylmethionine in the liver. Different biosynthetic pathways of phosphatidylcholine vary.

2) Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine synthesis in vivo is generated by Ca2+-activated acyl exchange reaction, and phosphatidylethanolamine reacts with serine to generate phosphatidylserine and ethanolamine.

Phosphatidylethanolamine + Serine ——→ Phosphatidylserine + Ethanolamine

3) Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylglycerol and Cardiolipin

The above three are generated by the reaction of activated CDP-diglycerides with corresponding substituent groups.

Another synthetic pathway for cardiolipin.

4) Plasmalogen and platelet activating factor

The synthesis process of plasmalogen and platelet activating factor is similar to the above-mentioned phospholipid synthesis process, the difference is that before the synthesis of phosphatidic acid, the intermediate product of sugar metabolism, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is converted into fatty acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The fatty alcohol replaces its first fatty acyl group, and then the derivatives of phosphatidic acid are synthesized through the steps of reduction (for H by NADPH) and transacyl group. This product replaces phosphatidic acid as the starting material, and synthesizes choline or ethanolamine plasmalogen along the triglyceride pathway. The difference between platelet activating factor and plasmalogen is that the long-chain fatty alcohol is a saturated long-chain alcohol, and the fatty acyl group at position 2 is the simplest acetyl group.

Breakdown of glycerophospholipids

There are some alpha gpc 99% powder that can hydrolyze glycerophospholipids in organisms, among which the main ones are phospholipases A1, A2, B, C and D, which specifically act on each ester bond inside the phospholipid molecule to form different products. This process is also the transformation and processing process of glycerophospholipid.

Phospholipase A1

Widely distributed in nature, mainly in the lysosomes of cells, in addition to snake venom and some microorganisms, it can catalyze the cleavage of the first ester bond of glycerophospholipids, and the products are fatty acids and lysophospholipids 2.

Phospholipase A2

It is ubiquitously present in the cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes of various animal tissues, and can hydrolyze the 2nd ester bond in the glycerophospholipid molecule, and the products are lysophospholipid 1 and its product fatty acids and glycerophosphocholine or glycerophosphoethanolamine.

Lysophospholipids are a class of properties with strong surface activity, which can rupture red blood cells and other cell membranes, causing hemolysis or cell necrosis. When the fatty acid is removed by the action of phospholipase B, it is converted into glycerophosphocholine or glycerophosphoethanolamine, that is, it loses the function of dissolving cell membranes.

Phospholipase C

Existing in cell membranes and some cells, it specifically hydrolyzes the 3-position phosphate bond in glycerophospholipid molecules, resulting in the release of phosphorylcholine or phosphoethanolamine, and other components in the remaining substrate molecules.

Phospholipase D

 Alpha GPC 99% powder mainly exists in plants, but also in animal brain tissue. It catalyzes the ester bond between phosphoric acid and substituent groups (such as choline, etc.) in phospholipid molecules to release the substituent groups.

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